Traditional Javanese houses, or commonly referred to as omah adat Jawa, refer to traditional houses on the island of Java, Indonesia. Javanese house architecture is characterized by the presence of dominant hierarchical rules as reflected in the shape of the roof of the house. Traditional Javanese houses have very similar layouts to each other, but the shape of the roof is determined by the social and economic status of the homeowner.
Traditional Javanese house architecture is heavily influenced by Dutch colonial architecture in Indonesia and also greatly contributed to the development of modern architecture in Indonesia in the 20th century.
History
The Javanese have close kinship with the Austronesian people. The reliefs at Borobudur Temple built in the 9th century also show that Javanese houses are the basic pattern of Austronesian houses. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th and 17th centuries introduced stone and brick in house construction, which was widely used by the wealthy. The form of traditional Javanese houses also began to influence the development of Dutch Colonial architecture in Indonesia. In the early 19th century, Dutch East Indies houses were made to resemble Javanese houses because the shape of the house was able to withstand tropical heat and heavy rain, but still able to circulate air inside the house.
Hierarchy of House Roofs
In accordance with the structure of Javanese society and its traditions, traditional Javanese houses are classified according to their roof shapes from the lowest to the highest, namely Kampung, Limasan, and Joglo.
Village House.
The roof of a village house is identified as a house of ordinary people. Structurally, the roof of a village house is the simplest roof. The peak of the roof of a village house rests on four central pillars and is supported by two layers of binding pillars. The roof ridge is supported by supports with a typical North-South axis. This structure can be enlarged by widening the roof from the existing roof section.
Limasan roof is used for Javanese family houses that have higher status. This type of house is the most common type for Javanese houses. The basic four-pillar house plan is expanded by adding a pair of pillars at one end of the roof.
Joglo House.
Joglo roof is the most distinctive and most complicated roof shape. Joglo roof is associated with the residences of the nobility (Keraton, official residences, government buildings, and houses of Javanese nobility or nigrat). Currently, its owners are no longer limited to noble families, but anyone who has enough funds to build it. This is because building a Joglo house requires more and more expensive building materials.
The Joglo roof has several characteristics that distinguish it from the previous 2 types of roofs. The main roof is steeper, while the roof ridge is not as long as the Limasan house. On the four main pillars that support the roof above it, there is a distinctive arrangement of layered pillars which is interpreted as tumpang sari. In addition, if the Joglo house is damaged, the repair process must not change its original shape. Javanese people believe that violating this rule will have a negative effect on the occupants of the house.
Layout of a traditional Javanese house complex. Note: 1. doorway 2. pendopo 3. peringgitan 4. emperan 5. dalem 6. senthong 7. gandok 8. dapur (Source: www.wikiwand.com)
House building
No different from traditional Balinese houses, Javanese houses are usually built in a walled complex. The material for the protective walls of the house complex is made of stone for rich people's houses, or made of bamboo and wood.
The ideal traditional Javanese house consists of three main buildings, namely omah, pendapa, and peringgitan.
Pendopo.
Pendopo or pendapa is a pavilion located at the front of the complex. This place is used to receive guests, social gatherings, or ritual performances. Pendopo uses a joglo roof and is only found in the housing complexes of the rich. In some dense urban areas, stone walls are usually erected around the pendopo.
Pringgitan.
Pringgitan is a space that connects the pendopo with the omah. Peringitan is a place for ringgit, which means puppet or playing puppets. Pringgitan has a roof shape of a village or limasan.
Omah.
Omah is the main house. The word omah comes from Austronesian which means “house”. Omah usually has a square or rectangular layout with a raised floor. The center of the omah uses a pyramid or joglo roof shape. The area under the roof is divided by wall slats into inner and outer areas.
Dalem is a closed building and is divided again along the North and South axis into different areas. In the kampung and limasan house models, this division is used to distinguish between the front and back. However, in the joglo house there are three more complex divisions, between the front, middle, and back.
The eastern front part of the dalem is where all family members' activities take place and where all family members sleep on a bamboo bed, before the children reach puberty. The middle part of the dalem of the joglo house is emphasized by four main pillars. Currently, this part no longer has a special use. However, traditionally this area is where the incense is burned once a week to honor Dewi Sri (the goddess of rice), and is also where the bride and groom sit at the wedding ceremony.
Senthong.
Senthong is the back of the house which consists of three closed rooms. The West Senthong is where rice and other agricultural products are stored, while farming equipment is stored on the East side. Senthong is traditionally a room decorated as luxuriously as possible and is known as the permanent residence of Dewi Sri. Newlyweds sometimes sleep in the middle senthong.
On the outside or back of the complex there are several other buildings such as the kitchen and bathroom. A well is usually placed on the East side. Wells as water providers are considered as a source of life and are always the first thing to be completed when building a new house complex. If the number of family members or family wealth increases, additional buildings (gandhok) can be added.
Sumber :
https://en.wikipedia.org
http://1001indonesia.net
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